Anatomy of cells

Anatomy of cells

🔬 1. Types of Cells

A. Prokaryotic Cells

• Found in: Bacteria and Archaea
  
• Features:
  
  • No nucleus (DNA is in the cytoplasm in a region called the nucleoid)
    
  • No membrane-bound organelles
    
  • Simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells
    

B. Eukaryotic Cells

• Found in: Animals, plants, fungi, and protists
  
• Features:
  
  • True nucleus (DNA enclosed in a nuclear membrane)
    
  • Many membrane-bound organelles (e.g., mitochondria, ER, Golgi apparatus)
    
  • Generally larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells
    

🧬 2. Main Structures in Eukaryotic Cells

🌱 3. Special Features in Plant vs. Animal Cells

Practice MCQ about Anatomy of cells:

1. Which of the following is present in all types of cells?
A) Nucleus
B) Mitochondria
C) Cell membrane
D) Chloroplast

✅ Answer: C) Cell membrane
Explanation: All cells—prokaryotic and eukaryotic—have a cell membrane that controls the movement of substances in and out.

2. What is the function of ribosomes in the cell?
A) Transport of materials
B) Protein synthesis
C) DNA replication
D) Energy production

✅ Answer: B) Protein synthesis
Explanation: Ribosomes are responsible for building proteins using the genetic instructions from mRNA.

3. Which organelle is known as the “powerhouse of the cell”?
A) Golgi apparatus
B) Nucleus
C) Mitochondria
D) Lysosome

✅ Answer: C) Mitochondria
Explanation: Mitochondria produce ATP (energy) through cellular respiration.

4. The genetic material of a prokaryotic cell is located in the:
A) Nucleus
B) Nucleoid
C) Mitochondria
D) Chromatin

✅ Answer: B) Nucleoid
Explanation: Prokaryotes lack a nucleus; their DNA is found in a region called the nucleoid.

5. Which of the following is a membrane-bound organelle?
A) Ribosome
B) Cytoskeleton
C) Mitochondrion
D) Nucleoid

✅ Answer: C) Mitochondrion
Explanation: Mitochondria are enclosed by two membranes and are found only in eukaryotic cells.

6. Which structure is responsible for modifying and packaging proteins?
A) Ribosome
B) Golgi apparatus
C) Nucleolus
D) Lysosome

✅ Answer: B) Golgi apparatus
Explanation: The Golgi body processes and packages proteins for transport.

7. Which of the following is found only in plant cells?
A) Nucleus
B) Mitochondria
C) Chloroplast
D) Ribosome

✅ Answer: C) Chloroplast
Explanation: Chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis and are found only in plant cells.

8. The fluid inside the cell where organelles are suspended is called:
A) Nucleoplasm
B) Cytosol
C) Matrix
D) Vacuole

✅ Answer: B) Cytosol
Explanation: Cytosol is the liquid part of the cytoplasm where cellular reactions occur.

9. Which organelle is responsible for digestion of waste materials?
A) Peroxisome
B) Ribosome
C) Lysosome
D) Endoplasmic reticulum

✅ Answer: C) Lysosome
Explanation: Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down waste and cellular debris.

10. The double membrane that surrounds the nucleus is called:
A) Cell wall
B) Nuclear envelope
C) Plasma membrane
D) Nucleolus

✅ Answer: B) Nuclear envelope
Explanation: The nuclear envelope protects the nucleus and regulates the passage of materials.

11. What structure helps in cell division in animal cells?
A) Centriole
B) Chloroplast
C) Vacuole
D) Ribosome

✅ Answer: A) Centriole
Explanation: Centrioles help organize the spindle fibers during mitosis.

12. What is the main function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
A) Lipid synthesis
B) Detoxification
C) Protein synthesis
D) DNA replication

✅ Answer: C) Protein synthesis
Explanation: Rough ER is studded with ribosomes that produce proteins.

13. The site of lipid synthesis in the cell is:
A) Smooth ER
B) Rough ER
C) Ribosome
D) Golgi apparatus

✅ Answer: A) Smooth ER
Explanation: Smooth ER is involved in the synthesis of lipids and detoxification of toxins.

14. Which of the following is absent in animal cells?
A) Centriole
B) Lysosome
C) Chloroplast
D) Mitochondria

✅ Answer: C) Chloroplast
Explanation: Chloroplasts are present only in plant and some algal cells.

15. Which of the following gives mechanical support to the cell?
A) Cytoplasm
B) Nucleolus
C) Cytoskeleton
D) Ribosome

✅ Answer: C) Cytoskeleton
Explanation: The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that helps the cell maintain its shape.

16. Which organelle produces ATP?
A) Golgi body
B) Mitochondria
C) Chloroplast
D) Ribosome

✅ Answer: B) Mitochondria
Explanation: Mitochondria are the site of aerobic respiration, producing ATP.

17. Plant cell walls are mainly composed of:
A) Protein
B) Cellulose
C) Lipids
D) Chitin

✅ Answer: B) Cellulose
Explanation: Cell walls in plants are made of cellulose, a structural carbohydrate.

18. The largest organelle in a plant cell is usually the:
A) Nucleus
B) Mitochondrion
C) Central vacuole
D) Chloroplast

✅ Answer: C) Central vacuole
Explanation: The central vacuole stores water and helps maintain turgor pressure in plant cells.

19. DNA in eukaryotic cells is mostly found in the:
A) Cytoplasm
B) Nucleus
C) Mitochondria
D) Ribosome

✅ Answer: B) Nucleus
Explanation: The nucleus contains most of the cell’s genetic material in eukaryotes.

20. Which of the following is a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?
A) Membrane-bound nucleus
B) Chloroplasts
C) No membrane-bound organelles
D) Complex internal structure

✅ Answer: C) No membrane-bound organelles
Explanation: Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles and a true nucleus.

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